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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting to produce hydrogen fuel is an attractive strategy to achieve a sustainable energy supply. To achieve stable hydrogen production, light harvesting, charge separation/transport, charge transfer, and the stability or durability of PEC cells are strongly required. In recent years, cost-effective, stable, and earth abundant n-type metal oxides have been extensively studied for the efficient PEC water oxidation. However, these metal oxides show poor efficiency because they cannot achieve high light harvesting, charge transport or charge transfer performance at the same time. In this talk, a rational design of nanostructures for enhancing these performance by harnessing novel plasmon induced energy transfer (PIET) will be discussed. The tailored nanostructures and heterojunctions will be introduced as well. It is of great interests to investigate the potential of using a highly ordered plasmonic nano-pattern array to enhance the performance of metal oxide-based thin films by employing the PIET effect. Additionally, our recent findings on strategies to improve the metal oxide nanostructure based PEC water splitting will be introduced in this talk.